RESUMO
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) αßγ heterotrimer regulates cellular energy homeostasis with tissue-specific isoform distribution. Small-molecule activation of skeletal muscle α2ß2 AMPK complexes may prove a valuable treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Herein, we report the small-molecule SC4 is a potent, direct AMPK activator that preferentially activates α2 complexes and stimulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake. In parallel with the term secretagog, we propose "importagog" to define a substance that induces or augments cellular uptake of another substance. Three-dimensional structures of the glucose importagog SC4 bound to activated α2ß2γ1 and α2ß1γ1 complexes reveal binding determinants, in particular a key interaction between the SC4 imidazopyridine 4'-nitrogen and ß2-Asp111, which provide a design paradigm for ß2-AMPK therapeutics. The α2ß2γ1/SC4 structure reveals an interaction between a ß2 N-terminal α helix and the α2 autoinhibitory domain. Our results provide a structure-function guide to accelerate development of potent, but importantly tissue-specific, ß2-AMPK therapeutics.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Benzoatos/farmacologia , Glucose/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Piridinas/farmacologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Animais , Benzoatos/síntese química , Benzoatos/química , Células COS , Linhagem Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ativação Enzimática , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/química , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/síntese química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/químicaRESUMO
An efficient synthesis of the enantiomers of fluorenylethylchloroformate (FLEC) has been achieved that allows the routine application of the reagent for the resolution of chiral amines including unusual amino acids. The utility of the fluorenylethoxycarbonyl (Feoc) group as a chiral Fmoc equivalent, for combined resolution and protection of amino acids, in solid phase peptide synthesis is also shown.
Assuntos
Fluorenos/síntese química , Peptidomiméticos/síntese química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Aminoácidos/síntese química , Aminoácidos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Fluorenos/química , Indicadores e Reagentes , Peptidomiméticos/química , Técnicas de Síntese em Fase Sólida , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
We recently reported the discovery of UNC1215, a potent and selective chemical probe for the L3MBTL3 methyllysine reader domain. In this article, we describe the development of structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a second series of potent L3MBTL3 antagonists which evolved from the structure of the chemical probe UNC1215. These compounds are selective for L3MBTL3 against a panel of methyllysine reader proteins, particularly the related MBT family proteins, L3MBTL1 and MBTD1. A co-crystal structure of L3MBTL3 and one of the most potent compounds suggests that the L3MBTL3 dimer rotates about the dimer interface to accommodate ligand binding.
